Jewelry Waste

The simplest and Cleanest kinds of precious metal are old jewelry/jewelry waste,the metal parts of old dentures,and the clean scrap metal that id produced in the manufature of jewelry or dentures.The refining of this material is easy because there is little or no dirt to be removed,and the job is profitable for the same reason.

Old jewelry may be made of Sterling silver,or of base metal plated with silver,or of karat gold in which pure gold is alloyed with more or less of other metals; or of base metal plated with gold; or of platinum, which also is alloyed with other metals.Dental restorations such as bridge work, plates,fillings...etc, are often made of high quality gold, sometimes of platinum, sometimes of alloys in which gold,platinum, silver,copper and other metals are combined;sometimes of metals as inexpensive as stainless steel.

Non-metallic substances are often found in conjuction with these precious materials:the crystal of the watch-case;the porcelain tooth in the denture;the sapphire in the ring.

In the jewelry factory and the dental laboratory we find metal bearing wastes generated in the process of manufacture, and it is with these that we shall concern ourselves most,partly because they are stuff on which the refiner spends most of his time,and partly because the process involved are more complex.

These wastes are sometimes of quite intrinsic value,as in the case of the sprues chipped from castings,or the little shavings produced by the engraver's tools,or the clippings that fall on the jeweler's bench.The neater the workman, the higher the value per ounce;that is,the less trash,the fewer match ends,bit of paper,cigarette ashes,etc....that have to be removed.

Prospective Tantalum Miners

Tertiary Minerals plc continues development of the Ghurayyah deposit in western Saudi Arabia. After about six months of voluntary share suspension,the company resumed its AIM listing in July 2007.

In Egypt at Abu Dabbab,Gippsland Minerals Ltd has continued work and the mine's scheduled startup is now set for 2010. The Abu Dabbab project is excpected to produce an average of 650.000 lb/y of Tantalum Pentoxide(Ta2O5)over the first 13 years of an estimated 20 year mine life,placing it in the top tier of tantalum miners in terms of volume.

Angus & Ross plc has two main tantalum project:Motzfeldt,in southern Greenland;and Caicara,in Brazil.It also has a number of smaller projects in other parts of Brazil and in Australia.

Noventa has several tantalum project in Mozambique,of which the Marropino development began production this year.The Morrua development is anticipated to begin production in 2009.

The World's Tantalite Production

Over half the world's tantalite production comes from Australia,with Brazil,Eastern Canada China,Ethiopia and Central adn Southern Africa making up the rest. Other significant sources include tin slags from Malaysia and Thailand,as well as recycling of tantalum.

Sons of Gwalia Ltd in Western Australia has been in administration since 2004 and the purchase of the company by Resource Capital Fund IV LP was approved in June 2007. The tantalum resources became part of the newly-formed company Talison Mineral's Pty Ltd in August 2007 and continue to be the world's main source of tantalum.

For Ethiopia,tantalum has become the second most important mineral export earner for the country,and the operator is Ethiopian Mineral Development Sh Co (EMDSC).

The US Defence LOgistics Agency(DLA) Offerd further tantalum materials for sale from the Defense National Stockpile from November 2006,and announced that it had depleted the inventory of tantalum minerals with the sales from that month. The only remaining DLA tantalum stock is understood to be 4000 lb of tantalum carbide.

Tantalum History

Talk about Tantalum History,One of the denser natural elements,tantalum is related to niobium and vanadium, and share many of niobium's chemical and physical characteristics.

Discovered in Sweden over 200 years ago tantalum was not isolated until 182,and then only as an impure metal.

It was not until 1905 that a pure metal suitable for working was achieved.Its strengths are a high electrical capacitance per unit mass, a high melting point and excellent resistance to chemical attack.

More than 130 species of tantalum/niobium mineral exist, only some of which -tantalite, microlite, wodginite, euxenite, polycrase are so far being used by the tantalum industry as raw materilas. Tantalite,in the form of (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6 is the most important mineral tantalum extraction.

Surface Electrocatalysis on Gold

Because gold displays very weak chemisorbing properties, the activated chemisorption model of electrocatalysis is assumed to be inapplicable in the case of this metal in aqueous media. The alternative, which is well established in the chemically modified electrode and redox sensor area, is the interfacial cyclic redox mediator model which, in the case of gold in aqueous media,is sometimes referred to as the incipient hydrous oxide/adatom mediator (IHOAM) [18,33] model. In the case of the Group 11 metals the mediator systems are unusual in that their redox transitions involve couples with nonequilibrium (or metastable) reduced and oxidized states.

A low coverage, surface-bonded, interfacial redox mediator system, M*/M(OH)n(n−z)−, is assumed to undergo a rapid, quasi-reversible redox transition at a potential Es which is well within the double layer region. In some cases this basic mediator (premonolayer redox) response is not evident (the active state surface coverage being too low) under dc voltammetry conditions. However, several options are available to locate such “hidden” mediator transitions, e.g.,

1. More sensitive analytical techniques, e.g., FT-ac voltammetry [12] or ac impedance may be used.

2. The surface may be deliberately disrupted or superactivated by severe thermal or cathodic pretreatment. Severe thermal activation results in strong promotion of at least one, and probably two, premonolayer oxidation responses in the case of gold in acid at E<0.6 V.

3. The onset of incipient oxidation, curve a , provides the interfacial mediator which triggers the oxidation of a dissolved reluctant, Red(aq). Thus, the electrocatalytic oxidation response, curve b , has an onset/termination potential coinciding with the interfacial mediator transition potential, and the former may be used to locate the latter (the same argument applies to an electrocatalytic reduction response, curve c.

4. The potential of the maximum of the multilayer hydrous oxide reduction peak, curve d, often coincides with (and thus indicates the value of) the interfacial mediator transition potential. Such correlations have been discussed for gold, platinum, and palladium in acid solution and for copper in base.

Gold Science and Applications

Gold is used a wide range of industrial and medical applications and accounts for over 10 percent of the annual demand for metal,worth billions of dollars annually.While much has been written about the mystique and trade of gold, very little has been writen about the science and technology in which it is involved.

Gold application in use today include :

-Medical

-Dental

-Electronics

-Engineering

-Industrial

-Pollution Control

-Photography

-Catalysts

-Nanotechnology

Dissolution of Gold as Involved a Strong Oxidant and a Ligating Agent

Many of the chemical reactions of gold compounds are conducted in solution and so it is appropriate to initially consider how soluble gold compounds are obtained from this most attractive but inert metal. Traditionally, the dissolution of gold has involved a strong oxidant and a ligating agent. Thus,gold can be dissolved by treatment with aqua regia (a mixture of nitric acid [the oxidant] and hydrochloric acid [the ligand source], neither of which alone dissolves gold) to form [AuCl4]⋅n(H2O) or by oxidation by O2 in the presence of cyanide ion. However, there are reports of metallic gold dissolving under less harsh conditions.

O2 appears to be the oxidant in this dissolution process, which would appear to have significant implications in the handling of gold nanoclusters that frequently are stabilized by coatings of thiolate ligands.

In related work,dithoxamide/dihalogen compounds have been demonstrated to act as oxidations that are capable of dissolving gold. Exposure of metallic gold to chloroform solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide also results in dissolution with the formation of [AuIIIBr4]. Again O2 from air is the oxidant. Under rather different anhydrous and anaerobic conditions,Me3AsI2 and Me3PI2 in diethyl ether solution will dissolve metallic gold to produce gold(III) complexes in reactions. This products have been isolated as crystalline solids.

Soldering, Brazing, and Solid-State Diffusion Bonding

The three joining processes that will be described here are soldering, brazing, and solid-state diffusion bonding. Soldering and brazing both involve using a filler metal that is heated above its melting point, made to wet the mating surfaces of a joint, with or without the aid of a chemical fluxing agent,leading to the formation of metallurgical bonds between the filler and the respective components.

By convention, the joining process is defined as soldering if the filler metal melts below 450 C and as brazing if it melts above this temperature. In both soldering and brazing, it is uncommon for the original surfaces of the components to be eroded by reaction with the filler beyond the microscopic level (<100m). Solid-state diffusion bonding involves placing surfaces of two components in contact under a loading that at the least is provided by the weight of the upper component and heating the assembly until the voids at the interface have been removed by diffusion (see next section).

There is another important type of joining process—welding—that involves the fusion of the touching joint surfaces by controlled melting by heat being specifically directed toward the joint. Welding, using a laser or a microplasma torch, is being successfully applied in chain making (see under Karat Gold Brazing Alloys later).

Certain properties of gold are used to advantage in metal joining. In particular,

• Gold does not oxidize when heated in air, neither does it tarnish. This metal possesses

excellent corrosion resistance, and in alloys it confers resistance to oxidation.

• Gold forms eutectic alloys with other metals covering a wide range of temperatures,

encompassing soldering and brazing temperature regimes.

• Gold is relatively easy to apply as a surface coating by both physical vapor deposition and

chemical plating.

• Many gold alloys possess enhanced mechanical properties, especially at elevated

temperatures.

• Gold’s low elastic modulus and rapid self-diffusion are beneficial for solid-state diffusion

bonding.

Gold is unusual in that it is the only element on which both brazes and solders are based. However, because gold is the most expensive constituent of solders and brazes, the use of gold filler alloys tends to be limited to high value applications, such as electronics, photonics, and jewelry manufacture.

Record gold prices

Record gold prices fuelled by economic uncertainty and now political instability are driving production, development and exploration to new levels and the entire spectrum of the gold sector will be represented at the two day event.

It has been a remarkable 12 months since the last conference. When that event fnished on March 16, 2010 the gold price had closed the previous evening at $US1,105/oz. At the time the industry was heralding a great age and nothing that the gold price has done since then has dispelled that belief.

Gold reached a 2010 low of $US1,090/oz a few weeks after the conference but since then has broken all records put before it, reaching a new all-time high of $US1,444.40/oz on March 7. Gold equities have followed suit. The ASX’s largest gold company, Newcrest Mining Ltd wen from a May 2010 low of $30.38 share to a high of $43.41 in No vember. Australia’s other producers have followed suit, and there is plenty of them. The last 12 months have seen eight Australian miners pour gold for the frst time as the junio market takes advantage of the favourable price environmen and investor sentiment for precious metals.

While new faces have arrived on the list of Australian gold producers, thanks to a rash of M&A activity, others have disappeared. Newcrest’s $9.5 billion acquisition of the country’s second biggest gold miner, Lihir Gold Ltd, was just one of several multi-billion dollar gold deals put together last year.

In November, Kingsgate Consolidated NL announced a $376 million takeover of South Australian producer Dominion Mining Ltd and followed it up with the acquisition of South American focused explorer Laguna Resources Ltd. One of the rising stars of the Australian gold industry, Avoca Resources Ltd, also changed its guise after announcing a merger with TSX-listed Anatolia Minerals Development Ltd to create Alacer Gold Corp.

On the international front the majors continued to reap the benefts of escalating prices. The world’s biggest gold miner, Barrick Gold Corp, announced its December quarterly results on February 21, proving just how proftable the gold industry can be. Quarterly net income was a record $US896 million ($US0.90/share) adjusted net income rose 57% to $US947 million ($0.95/share) compared to $US604 million ($0.61/share) in the corresponding 2009 period. Full year production was 7.77 moz at lower total, and net cash costs of $US457/oz and $US341/oz, respectively.

But what does the future hold? A poll of 65 analysts conducted by Reuters in January found a median 2011 gold price forecast of $US1,450/oz an ounce, 18% higher than 2010’s average London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) gold fx of $US1,225.60/oz. The forecast is also just above last year’s record high of $1,430.95/oz and clearly out strips an average forecast of $US1,228/oz returned by a similar poll conducted last July.

MMS Electrochemistry Of GOLD

The MMS electrochemistry of gold is concerned with the behavior of unstable, high-energy, protruding surface gold atoms that undergo oxidation to yield a more dispersed (low-density), hydrated, largely amorphous, hydrous () gold oxide (a review of metal hydrous oxide electrochemistry was published earlier). Multilayer hydrous oxide deposits may be produced on gold in aqueous media by subjecting the electrode to either severe dc polarization , e.g., 3 min at 2.2 V, or to repetitive potential cycling using appropriate upper and lower limits [26,27], e.g., 0.90–2.40 V at 50 V s−1 for 1200 cycles (the efficiency of the oxide growth reaction is dependent on many factors,including the solution pH).

Thick deposits are not produced in a single sweep because the precursor state (MMS gold atoms) exists at the metal surface only at a very low coverage. In the dc procedure oxygen gas evolution occurs quite vigorously initially at an oxide–coated gold surface,and oxide formation apparently occurs as a side reaction, i.e., the gas evolution involves repetitive formation and decomposition of an unstable higher oxide (probably AuO2), and the resulting disturbance of the oxide film leads to a gradual accumulation of an outer, porous, gold oxide deposit. In the potential cycling procedure each cycle results in formation and reduction of an oxide film. Again, there is a side reaction involved, reduction of the place-exchanged oxide in the negative sweep leads to the formation of some MMS atoms which, in the next positive sweep, are converted to oxide species. It is important that, at the lower limit used for oxide growth, virtually all of the, but none of the, oxide is reduced; in this manner the oxide deposit can attain multilayer coverage.

Gold hydrous oxide is not particularly stable; according to Pourbaix’s thermodynamic data it should undergo reduction to the metal in acid solution at ca. 1.4 V. However, in practice oxide reduction occurs only under conditions of considerable cathodic overpotential and invariably at a lower potential than the peak for the reduction of the thin inner oxide film at the same gold surface (after multilayer oxide growth the layer configuration at the interface is usually gold/ oxide/ oxide/aqueous solution; there may be some degree of intermingling of the oxide and aqueous phase). The oxide reduction responses in the negative sweeps are often complicated by the presence of several oxide reduction peaks [27,29], plus the fact that (even in terms of the RHE scale) the  oxide reduction peaks tend to occur at a lower potential in base as compared to acid; this effect is highlighted by the observation, of a sharp oxide reduction peak at E≈ –0.2 V in the case of gold in base. This type of behavior is not confined to gold. Platinum [30,31] and iridium  oxides also show similar behavior.

Color Generattion of Colloidal Gold

The intense red to purple color seen for the Purple of Cassius pigment is achieved by precipitating a colloidal gold solution onto a solid oxide substrate, typically tin oxide. To maximize color intensity,the gold particles need to be unagglomerated and less than 40 nm in size. The color effect is caused by a narrow adsorption band at 520 nm, referred to as the surface plasmon resonance band. If particles agglomerate together and increase above 40 nm, a blue shift occurs and light scattering starts to dominate, resulting in muddy color hues. In 1902, Gustav Mie [112], using classical electromagnetic theory, calculated from bulk properties of metallic gold the absorbance of colloid gold particles as a function of the particle size. His theoretical work also predicted that the wavelength of the plasmon band depends on the shape, surface composition, and dielectric environment of the gold particles.

These concepts are used in modern-day production and research and development to predict and control the color effects associated with Purple of Cassius. For example, most gold colloid solutions seen in the literature are as dispersions in water with fairly consistent dielectric constants. When considering glass enamels, the glass media in which the colloid is dispersed may consist of many different components, all with vastly different dielectric constants. This can lead to massive differences in hue and color strength for the final gold enamels. A practical demonstration illustrating the effect of dielectric constant of the surrounding metal oxide on color shift. Gold nanoparticles of approximately the same size (before and after heat treatment) have been deposited onto three oxides having differing dielectric values. It can clearly be seen that the oxides with low dielectric constants such as silica have red shifts whereas high dielectric materials such as titania shift the color to blue shades which is in accordance with predictions made by Mie. Another strategy for controlling the color is to alloy silver with gold. According to Mie, additions of silver will shift the plasmon band to a shorter wavelength and hence make the particles appear redder. Theory predicts that a single plasmon band with alloys having up to 25% silver will exist, but above this level two peaks appear, one caused by silver and the other gold. In practice, an excess of silver is used to redden off the gold.

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Gold Sponges

GOLD SPONGES AND GOLD BLACK, The optical properties of gold nanostructures are exceedingly flexible; it is even possible to prepare gold sponges or gold “blacks” which have very high absorptance [86,87]. The essential attribute of such materials is that they possess very well-developed mesoscale porosity and surface roughness so that they trap and absorb incident light.

Because the structure is at a size scale that is well below the wavelength of the incident light, it becomes possible to model the optical response using Effective Medium theory. In this scheme the performance of the complex composite structure is modeled as if it were a simple monolithic material, using “effective” values of the refractive indices n and k derived from numerical analysis of experimental data. In a sense the sponge becomes an example of a “metamaterial” with engineered physical properties.

Thin Gold Films

Thin films of gold are readily produced on almost any solid substrate by techniques as diverse as electroplating, electroless deposition, and physical vapor deposition. These provide a means by which the desirable optical or surface properties of Au can be exploited without incurring excessive raw material costs. Due to the nobility of gold, such films will generally remain unoxidized, and can be prepared down to a thickness of a few tens of nanometers.

Films of less than 80 nm or so in thickness will transmit an appreciable fraction of any blue to green light that falls on them, with red light and the near-infrared being selectively blocked. This is due to the position of the band edge at about 2.4 eV, described previously. This property has stimulated the use of gold films in spectrally selective applications. The optical properties of Au thin films can also be significantly varied by control of the deposition conditions. The properties are not only controlled by film thickness, but also by the morphology of the film. In particular, the degree of percolation, or its absence, has a strong effect on the shape of the transmitted and reflected spectra [58,59]. Optimum reflectivity in the infrared requires a continuous coating.

Electronic Structure of Gold

Electronic structure of gold, the high corrosion resistance of gold is a consequence of its first ionization potential being 9.2 eV,which is high compared to those of, for example, silver and copper, at 7.6 and 7.7 eV, respectively. This results in such a large barrier to oxidation that elemental gold is ordinarily free of an oxide coating. Gold has the electronic configuration [Xe]4f145d106s1. In this configuration the 4f electrons underscreen the 5d and the 6s,p electrons from the nuclear charge, resulting in an effect analogous to lanthanide contraction.

The lanthanide contraction causes the atomic radius of the lanthanides to decrease across the period as the quality of the shielding per electron decreases; in the 5d metal series this effect gives similar lattice constants to the 4d metals. For some years the stability of the Au2 dimer and the reduced lattice constant in bulk gold compared to silver were attributed to a similar contraction [7]. However, gold is in a unique spot on the periodic table where the effects of the lanthanide contraction are also superimposed on the onset of relativistic effects.

The latter become increasingly important for the heavier elements because as the atomic number increases,the velocity of the 1s electrons approaches the speed of light. This causes these electrons to increase in mass and so their orbital contracts toward the nucleus. To compensate, the higher s and p orbitals, which also have significant electron density in the vicinity of the nucleus, also contract, resulting finally in the outermost 6s and 6p orbitals being smaller than they would otherwise have been without relativistic effects.

In a piece of computer equipment, some components cannot be recycled

In a piece of computer equipment, some components cannot be recycled. These components, mainly plastics and resins containing flame retardants, must be burned or buried in and environmentally sound manner. However,in some countries, the burial of waste is prohibited. According to the Basel convention, these materials should preferably be burned for energy recovery rather than buried or incinerated without energy recovery. The incinerator or the combustion unit must be designed to limit the formation and emission of furans and dioxins and must be equipped with state-of-the-art flue gas cleaning systems. Ashes resulting from the combustion of materials, or materials that cannot be valorised “should be disposed of in an environmentally sound and appropriately authorised landfill”.

Flat Screen Monitors

Flat Screen Monitors

According to a document issued by the OECD working group on waste prevention and recycling, entitled “Technical Guidance for the Environmentally Sound Management of Specific Waste streams: Used and Scrap Personal Computers” LCD screens can be sent to a smelter for recovery of non-ferrous metals on the condition that the smelter is equipped with flue gas cleaning systems (to minimise dioxin emissions), and prepared to carry out the separation or immobilisation of mercury.

Flat panel screens should be sent for either recovery operation or thermal treatment at an environmentally sound and appropriately authorised incinerator with modern flue gas cleaning systems. When discharge lamps are removed, they should be sent to a specialised mercury recovery facility or to an environmentally sound and appropriately authorised hazardous waste incinerator with modern flue gas cleaning systems that guarantees the proper separation or immobilisation of mercury. The WEEE Directive requires that liquid crystal displays of a surface area greater than 100 cm2 are managed separately, as they are back lighted with gas discharge lamps containing mercury.

The electron gun of the CRT contains a small getter plate

The electron gun of the CRT contains a small getter plate (about 1-2 grams including frame), and bears barium and barium compounds (barium oxide is considered as a harmful substance). During the shredding operation,the CRT screen getter can release harmful barium dust. Therefore, several countries require its removal. Once removed, the getters should be stored separately, away from any source of moisture since barium is a leachable and easily solvable substance. They must be sent to a specialised industry that can incinerate them in an environmentally sound manner. The electron gun itself can be sent to a recycling facility that can reclaim the copper it contains.

Cathode Ray Tubes are made of a faceplate

Cathode Ray Tubes are made of a faceplate (containing lead or barium) welded to a cone glass by a frit. The tubes contain lead encapsulated in glass that can be released if the glass is broken. Therefore, the entrepreneur is advised to leave the responsibility of treating tubes to specialised enterprises. Indeed, the staff carrying out the mechanical separation of glass must be protected from inhaling the dust released when the tubes are broken, because they may contain lead or barium oxide. Moreover, the fluorescent coating on the faceplate may present inhalation risks if they are handled in a dry state. This is why wet processes are often used to remove the phosphor particles.

There are two main industries that recycle CRT glass

There are two main industries that recycle CRT glass. First, there are the manufacturers making new CRT screens from recycled CRT glass. They often require the panel glass to be separated from the cone glass, so that they can proportion correctly the quantities of lead in the glass they produce. And then there is the lead-glass recycling industry. In this case,glass is sent to lead smelters, to be used as a fluxing agent in the smelting process. Then, smelters can recover the lead contained in the glass.

Cables can be shredded before being sent to specialised industries

Cables can be shredded before being sent to specialised industries or burned in a facility where every measure is taken to prevent the formation of harmful substances, such as chlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins. Those cables (or cable residue) can be recovered by industries specializing in the separation of copper wires from their plastic sheaths. These industries usually use various physical means to separate these materials in order to obtain perfectly homogeneous pieces of copper and plastics.

Batteries and Accumulators

Batteries and accumulators are not necessarily hazardous as they are.However their content can have an impact on the environment. Therefore, the enterprise must be careful to ensure the security of the storage area before disposal. In a PC, the coin cell is often composed of a lithium anode.If some of the lithium is exposed, it may react with oxygen or moisture,generating heat and possibly hydrogen gas. A fire can occur during the shredding operation.

A lithium coin cell can be recovered, after it has been fully discharged to eliminate potential reactivity, by shredding and gravity separation. The entrepreneur is therefore advised to resell these batteries to industries that possess the equipment and technologies necessary to recover them. However, some batteries do not have any value and the entrepreneur is responsible for having them recycled by a specialised industry.

Printed Circuit Boards PC Contain 100 g of Gold per tonne

Some circuit boards (such as power supply boards and electronic boards found in monitors) contain on average less than 100 g of gold per tonne. They are «low grade» boards. However, some boards (e.g. graphic boards, audio boards and network boards) contain a lot more precious metal. «high grade» boards contain between 400 and 500 g/tonne, and are found in laptops and mobile phones. «Very high grade» boards, containing more than 500 g/tonne, come from large mainframe computers or phone centres.

Once at the smelter, the different metals (gold, copper, silver, selenium,tellurium, lead, palladium, etc.) are recovered through complex processes. Due to the complexity of the technologies used and given that recovery practices can be highly polluting, the entrepreneur must sell the printed circuits to appropriate industries that can conduct recovery operations in an environmentally sound manner.

Printed Circuit Boards PC

In a used PC, printed circuit boards are among the most valuable components. Firstly, they may contain chips that can be removed and sold for reuse. But above all they contain valuable metals that can be sold to a smelter. Electronic boards that cannot be reused as spare parts still have value. To optimize the value of these boards, it is necessary to sort them according to their precious metal content. The boards are then sold to refineries. Their price depends on the market price of precious metals, on the homogeneity of batches and on the quantity. The recovery of circuit boards must be carried out by specialised industries, to avoid any health or environmental risk.

Recycling Cell Phones

What products can be made from the materials recovered by recycling cell phones?Almost all of the materials used to manufacture a cell phone can be recovered to make new products. Metals, plastics, batteries and the packaging materials can be recycled and turned into new products.


Cell phones contain a number of different metals - gold, silver,platinum,palladium, rhodium,copper, tin, lead, brass and zinc - that can be extracted and recovered in the recycling process.


The recovered metals can be used by a number of different industries such as jewelry, plating, electronics, plumbing, automotive, and art foundries. Products that can be manufactured from the recovered materials include automotive catalytic converters,plumbing faucets and piping, and gold or silver jewelry.


The plastic on the cell phone can also be recycled. It can be recycled into new products as garden furniture, license plate frames, non-food containers and replacement automotive parts.


Due to its high thermal value, the plastic could alternatively be used as a fuel.The cell phone packaging materials can also be recycled and made as a component of fiber board manufacture. When the rechargeable battery can no longer be reused, the battery can be recycled into other rechargeable battery products.